Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Pregnancy
July 10, 2011

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Pregnancy

What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids (cannot be synthesized within the body), so they must be consumed in the diet. Two families of essential fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, are required for physiologic functions including oxygen transport, energy storage, cell membrane function, and regulation of inflammation and cell proliferation. Adequate consumption of omega-3 fatty acids is vitally important during pregnancy as they are critical building blocks of the fetal brain and retina. Omega-3 fatty acids may also play a role in determining the length of gestation and in preventing perinatal depression. The most biologically active forms are DHA and EPA, which are usually derived from marine sources such as seafood and algae. However, most pregnant women do not consume enough omega-3 fatty acids out of concern about the adverse effects of mercury and other contaminants on the developing fetus.

Optimal fetal neurodevelopment is dependent on many essential nutrients, including DHA and EPA, with the richest sources being seafood and fish oil supplements. The higher amounts of omega-3s are found in salmon, tuna, sardines and anchovies. Other sources such as flax seed oil and vegetable oils, are not as effective because the ALA has to be converted to EPA and EPA to become biologically useful, but this source can be used by vegetarians, and to supplement the marine sources in non-vegetarians.

The FDA and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend 12 ounces average per week. This provides about 200 mg of DHA per day. Fish oil capsules contain 150-1200 mg/d, and are low in contaminants such as mercury. Many prenatal vitamins contain up to 200 -300 mg of DHA. Avoidance of larger, older, predator fish, such as shark and swordfish is recommended, as they may have higher levels of toxins such as mercury.

Numerous benefits, such as possible decreases in preterm birth, have been associated with omega-3 fatty acid consumption during pregnancy and the postpartum period, whether it is consumed in the diet with seafood or via supplements such as fish oil. In addition, major depressive disorder affects 10-20% of pregnant women, which can affect child attachment, cognitive development, and behavior. Increases in Omega-3s in pregnancy and postpartum seem to reduce the incidence of depressives symptoms in the postpartum period. Omega-3 fatty acids seem to be important during lactation as well, with the infants having about 6 higher IQ points, and fewer allergies.

Jaclyn M. Coletta,MD et al, Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.3, No.4, F/2010

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